The Slim Framework’s router is built on top of the Fast Route component, and it is remarkably fast and stable. While we are using this component to do all our routing, the app’s core has been entirely decoupled from it and interfaces have been put in place to pave the way for using other routing libraries.
You can define application routes using proxy methods on the Slim\App instance. The Slim Framework provides methods for the most popular HTTP methods.
You can add a route that handles only GET HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s get() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->get('/books/{id}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Show book identified by $args['id']
});
You can add a route that handles only POST HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s post() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->post('/books', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Create new book
});
You can add a route that handles only PUT HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s put() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->put('/books/{id}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Update book identified by $args['id']
});
You can add a route that handles only DELETE HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s delete() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->delete('/books/{id}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Delete book identified by $args['id']
});
You can add a route that handles only OPTIONS HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s options() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->options('/books/{id}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Return response headers
});
You can add a route that handles only PATCH HTTP requests with the Slim
application’s patch() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->patch('/books/{id}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Apply changes to book identified by $args['id']
});
You can add a route that handles all HTTP request methods with the Slim application’s any() method. It accepts two arguments:
$app->any('/books/[{id}]', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Apply changes to books or book identified by $args['id'] if specified.
// To check which method is used: $request->getMethod();
});
Note that the second parameter is a callback. You could specify a Class which implements the __invoke() method instead of a Closure. You can then do the mapping somewhere else:
$app->any('/user', 'MyRestfulController');
You can add a route that handles multiple HTTP request methods with the Slim application’s map() method. It accepts three arguments:
$app->map(['GET', 'POST'], '/books', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Create new book or list all books
});
Each routing method described above accepts a callback routine as its final argument. This argument can be any PHP callable, and by default it accepts three arguments.
Request The first argument is a Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface object that represents the current HTTP request.Response The second argument is a Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface object that represents the current HTTP response.Arguments The third argument is an associative array that contains values for the current route’s named placeholders.There are two ways to write content to the HTTP response:
Using the $response->getBody()->write('my content'); method of the Response object.
Simply echo() content from the route callback.
This content will be appended or prepended to the current HTTP response object
if you add the Output Buffering Middleware.
Please note that since Slim 4, you must return a Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface object.
If you use a dependency container and a Closure instance as the route callback, the closure’s state is bound to the Container instance. This means you will have access to the DI container instance inside of the Closure via the $this keyword:
$app->get('/hello/{name}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Use app HTTP cookie service
$this->get('cookies')->set('name', [
'value' => $args['name'],
'expires' => '7 days'
]);
});
Slim does not support static closures.
You can add a route that redirects GET HTTP requests to a different URL with
the Slim application’s redirect() method. It accepts three arguments:
fromto, which may be a string or a
Psr\Http\Message\UriInterface302 if unset)$app->redirect('/books', '/library', 301);
redirect() routes respond with the status code requested and a Location
header set to the second argument.
The route callback signature is determined by a route strategy. By default, Slim expects route callbacks to accept the request, response, and an array of route placeholder arguments. This is called the RequestResponse strategy. However, you can change the expected route callback signature by simply using a different strategy. As an example, Slim provides an alternative strategy called RequestResponseArgs that accepts request and response, plus each route placeholder as a separate argument.
Here is an example of using this alternative strategy:
<?php
use Slim\Factory\AppFactory;
use Slim\Handlers\Strategies\RequestResponseArgs;
require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
$app = AppFactory::create();
/**
* Changing the default invocation strategy on the RouteCollector component
* will change it for every route being defined after this change being applied
*/
$routeCollector = $app->getRouteCollector();
$routeCollector->setDefaultInvocationStrategy(new RequestResponseArgs());
$app->get('/hello/{name}', function ($request, $response, $name) {
$response->getBody()->write($name);
return $response;
});
Alternatively you can set a different invocation strategy on a per route basis:
<?php
use Slim\Factory\AppFactory;
use Slim\Handlers\Strategies\RequestResponseArgs;
require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
$app = AppFactory::create();
$routeCollector = $app->getRouteCollector();
$route = $app->get('/hello/{name}', function ($request, $response, $name) {
$response->getBody()->write($name);
return $response;
});
$route->setInvocationStrategy(new RequestResponseArgs());
You can provide your own route strategy by implementing the Slim\Interfaces\InvocationStrategyInterface.
Each routing method described above accepts a URL pattern that is matched against the current HTTP request URI. Route patterns may use named placeholders to dynamically match HTTP request URI segments.
A route pattern placeholder starts with a {, followed by the placeholder name, ending with a }. This is an example placeholder named name:
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
// ...
$app->get('/hello/{name}', function (ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, array $args) {
$name = $args['name'];
$response->getBody()->write("Hello, $name");
return $response;
});
To make a section optional, simply wrap in square brackets:
$app->get('/users[/{id}]', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// responds to both `/users` and `/users/123`
// but not to `/users/`
return $response;
});
Multiple optional parameters are supported by nesting:
$app->get('/news[/{year}[/{month}]]', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// responds to `/news`, `/news/2016` and `/news/2016/03`
// ...
return $response;
});
For “Unlimited” optional parameters, you can do this:
$app->get('/news[/{params:.*}]', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// $params is an array of all the optional segments
$params = explode('/', $args['params']);
// ...
return $response;
});
In this example, a URI of /news/2016/03/20 would result in the $params array
containing three elements: ['2016', '03', '20'].
By default the placeholders are written inside {} and can accept any
values. However, placeholders can also require the HTTP request URI to match a particular regular expression. If the current HTTP request URI does not match a placeholder regular expression, the route is not invoked. This is an example placeholder named id that requires one or more digits.
$app->get('/users/{id:[0-9]+}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Find user identified by $args['id']
// ...
return $response;
});
Application routes can be assigned a name. This is useful if you want to programmatically generate a URL to a specific route with the RouteParser’s urlFor() method. Each routing method described above returns a Slim\Route object, and this object exposes a setName() method.
$app->get('/hello/{name}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
$response->getBody()->write("Hello, " . $args['name']);
return $response;
})->setName('hello');
You can generate a URL for this named route with the application RouteParser’s urlFor() method.
$routeParser = $app->getRouteCollector()->getRouteParser();
echo $routeParser->urlFor('hello', ['name' => 'Josh'], ['example' => 'name']);
// Outputs "/hello/Josh?example=name"
The RouteParser’s urlFor() method accepts three arguments:
$routeName The route name. A route’s name can be set via $route->setName('name'). Route mapping methods return an instance of Route so you can set the name directly after mapping the route. e.g.: $app->get('/', function () {...})->setName('name')$data Associative array of route pattern placeholders and replacement values.$queryParams Associative array of query parameters to be appended to the generated url.To help organize routes into logical groups, the Slim\App also provides a group() method. Each group’s route pattern is prepended to the routes or groups contained within it, and any placeholder arguments in the group pattern are ultimately made available to the nested routes:
use Slim\Routing\RouteCollectorProxy;
// ...
$app->group('/users/{id:[0-9]+}', function (RouteCollectorProxy $group) {
$group->map(['GET', 'DELETE', 'PATCH', 'PUT'], '', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Find, delete, patch or replace user identified by $args['id']
// ...
return $response;
})->setName('user');
$group->get('/reset-password', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Route for /users/{id:[0-9]+}/reset-password
// Reset the password for user identified by $args['id']
// ...
return $response;
})->setName('user-password-reset');
});
The group pattern can be empty, enabling the logical grouping of routes that do not share a common pattern.
use Slim\Routing\RouteCollectorProxy;
// ...
$app->group('', function (RouteCollectorProxy $group) {
$group->get('/billing', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Route for /billing
return $response;
});
$group->get('/invoice/{id:[0-9]+}', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// Route for /invoice/{id:[0-9]+}
return $response;
});
})->add(new GroupMiddleware());
Note inside the group closure, Slim binds the closure to the container instance.
$this is bound to the instance of Psr\Container\ContainerInterfaceYou can also attach middleware to any route or route group.
use Slim\Routing\RouteCollectorProxy;
// ...
$app->group('/foo', function (RouteCollectorProxy $group) {
$group->get('/bar', function ($request, $response, array $args) {
// ...
return $response;
})->add(new RouteMiddleware());
})->add(new GroupMiddleware());
It’s possible to enable router cache via RouteCollector::setCacheFile(). See examples below:
<?php
use Slim\Factory\AppFactory;
require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
$app = AppFactory::create();
/**
* To generate the route cache data, you need to set the file to one that does not exist in a writable directory.
* After the file is generated on first run, only read permissions for the file are required.
*
* You may need to generate this file in a development environment and committing it to your project before deploying
* if you don't have write permissions for the directory where the cache file resides on the server it is being deployed to
*/
$routeCollector = $app->getRouteCollector();
$routeCollector->setCacheFile('/path/to/cache.file');
You are not limited to defining a function for your routes. In Slim there are a few different ways to define your route action functions.
In addition to a function, you may use:
__invoke() methodThis functionality is enabled by Slim’s Callable Resolver Class. It translates a string entry into a function call. Example:
$app->get('/', '\HomeController:home');
Alternatively, you can take advantage of PHP’s ::class operator which works well with IDE lookup systems and produces the same result:
$app->get('/', \HomeController::class . ':home');
You can also pass an array, the first element of which will contain the name of the class, and the second will contain the name of the method being called:
$app->get('/', [\HomeController::class, 'home']);
In this code above we are defining a / route and telling Slim to execute the home() method on the HomeController class.
Slim first looks for an entry of HomeController in the container, if it’s found it will use that instance, otherwise it will call its constructor with the container as the first argument. Once an instance of the class is created it will then call the specified method using whatever Strategy you have defined.
Create a controller with the home action method. The constructor should accept
the dependencies that are required. For example:
<?php
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
use Slim\Views\Twig;
class HomeController
{
private $view;
public function __construct(Twig $view)
{
$this->view = $view;
}
public function home(ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, array $args): ResponseInterface
{
// your code here
// use $this->view to render the HTML
// ...
return $response;
}
}
Create a factory in the container that instantiates the controller with the dependencies:
use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;
// ...
$container = $app->getContainer();
$container->set(\HomeController::class, function (ContainerInterface $container) {
// retrieve the 'view' from the container
$view = $container->get('view');
return new HomeController($view);
});
This allows you to leverage the container for dependency injection and so you can inject specific dependencies into the controller.
Alternatively, if the class does not have an entry in the container, then Slim will pass the container’s instance to the constructor. You can construct controllers with many actions instead of an invokable class which only handles one action.
<?php
use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
class HomeController
{
private $container;
// constructor receives container instance
public function __construct(ContainerInterface $container)
{
$this->container = $container;
}
public function home(ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, array $args): ResponseInterface
{
// your code to access items in the container... $this->container->get('');
return $response;
}
public function contact(ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, array $args): ResponseInterface
{
// your code to access items in the container... $this->container->get('');
return $response;
}
}
You can use your controller methods like so.
$app->get('/', \HomeController::class . ':home');
$app->get('/contact', \HomeController::class . ':contact');
You do not have to specify a method in your route callable and can just set it to be an invokable class such as:
<?php
use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
class HomeAction
{
private $container;
public function __construct(ContainerInterface $container)
{
$this->container = $container;
}
public function __invoke(ServerRequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, array $args): ResponseInterface
{
// your code to access items in the container... $this->container->get('');
return $response;
}
}
You can use this class like so.
$app->get('/', \HomeAction::class);
Again, as with controllers, if you register the class name with the container, then you can create a factory and inject just the specific dependencies that you require into your action class.
Sometimes in middleware you require the parameter of your route.
In this example we are checking first that the user is logged in and second that the user has permissions to view the particular video they are attempting to view.
$app->get('/course/{id}', Video::class . ':watch')
->add(PermissionMiddleware::class);
<?php
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface as Request;
use Psr\Http\Server\RequestHandlerInterface as RequestHandler;
use Slim\Routing\RouteContext;
class PermissionMiddleware
{
public function __invoke(Request $request, RequestHandler $handler)
{
$routeContext = RouteContext::fromRequest($request);
$route = $routeContext->getRoute();
$courseId = $route->getArgument('id');
// do permission logic...
return $handler->handle($request);
}
}
To obtain the base path from within a route simply do the following:
<?php
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface as Response;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface as Request;
use Slim\Factory\AppFactory;
use Slim\Routing\RouteContext;
require __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
$app = AppFactory::create();
$app->get('/', function(Request $request, Response $response) {
$routeContext = RouteContext::fromRequest($request);
$basePath = $routeContext->getBasePath();
// ...
return $response;
});